Hingula
CINNABAR
General information
About cinnabar
History
Types
Need for shodhana
Toxicity of cinnabar
Shodhana
Shodhana SOP
Marana
Satwapatana
Yoga
Dose
General information
According to the
classification of Acharya Rasavaghbhata , Hingula is 7th drug
mentioned in sadharana rasa
कंपिल्लश्चापरो गौरीपाषाणो नवसादरः ।
कपर्दो वान्हिजारश्च गिरिसिन्दरहिग्डुलौ ।।
मृद्दारशृंगमित्यष्टौ साधारण रसाः स्मृताः ।
रससिद्धिकरा: प्रोक्ता नागार्जुनपुरस्सरैः ।।
( र. र.स. ३ / १२०-१२१)
When we go through the synonyms and other descriptions of
Hingula in classical texts , it is evidents that the drug is nothing but the
cinnabar of modern era.
About Cinnabar
The terms
"cinnabar" and "cinnabarite," which probably come from the
Ancient Greek letter kinnabari, describe the typical vivid scarlet to brick-red
pigment. Cinnabar form of mercury(II)
sulfide, formula HgS, that is the most common source ore for refining elemental
mercury.
Cinnabar
generally occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated
with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs
|
|
|
|
Category |
Sulfide
mineral |
|
Hgs, Mercury sulphide |
|
|
Color |
Cochineal-red,
towards brownish red and lead-gray |
|
Crystal habit |
Rhombohedral to tabular |
|
Crystal system |
Trigonal |
|
Cleavage |
Prismatic
|
|
Fracture |
Uneven |
|
Tenacity |
Slightly
sectile |
|
Mohs Scale hardness |
2.0-2.5 |
|
Luster |
Adamantine
– dull |
|
Streak |
Scarlet
|
|
Diaphaneity |
Transparent
in thin Pieces |
|
Specific gravity |
8.176 |
Cinnabar [HgS], the
principal ore of mercury, it is the most
thermodynamically stable form at low temperature (Barnett et al., 2001; Benoit
et al., 1999).
HIngula
Synonyms
पर्याय - हिंगल, हिंगुल, हिंगूल, इंगुल, म्लेच्छ,
रक्त, सुरंग, चित्रांग, चूर्ण पारद, रसोद्भव,
रसस्थान, शुकतुण्ड, रञ्जन, कपिशीर्षक,
रक्तकाय, हंसपाद लोहघ्न
अस्य गुणाः । मधुरत्वम् ।
तिक्तत्वम् । उष्णत्वम् ।
वातकफत्रिदोषद्वन्द्वदोष-
ज्वरनाशित्वञ्च । इति
राजनिर्घण्टः
History
The first mention
of Hingula is found in Kautilya's Arthashastra. Here there is a mention of the
examination of gold and its deformity by Hingul. The main substance of
Rasshastra is Hingul, the basic mineral of mercury. Parad was received from
abroad, so knowledge and mention of Parad is found in the Samhita period, but
Hingul came later in the introduction of Indians.
TYPES
हिंगुलः शुकतुण्डाख्यो हंसपादस्तथाऽपरः ।
प्रथमोल्पगुणस्तत्र चर्मारः स निगद्यते
श्वेतरेखः प्रवालाभो हंसपादः स ईरितः
र.र.स. ३/१३९
Ras Vaghbhata opines that , there are two types of
Hingula
a)
Shuka Tundakhya
b)
Hamsapada
Two kinds of "Hingula" are
"Sukatunda" and "Hamsapda".
"Sukatunda" is also called as “charmara” and It has lesser therapeutic benefits. The later Hamsapada type
of "Hingula" has white lines on it and is red like
"Pravala" (coral).
Shodhana
सप्त कृत्वाप्तऽऽर्द्रक
द्रावैर्लकुचस्याम्बुनाऽथ वा ।
शोषितो भावयित्वाऽथ निर्दोषो जायते खलु ।।
र.र.स. ३/१४२-१४३
Shodhana of Hingula can be done by doing 7 bhavana with Ardaka swarasa (extracted juice
of fresh ginger) or with lakucha swarasa. After 7th bhavana product is collected from khalwa yantra and
dried in shade and stored in airtight container .
why one hast do the shodhana of Hingula?
Ashudha Hngula Sevana Janya Vikara.
According to madhavacharya (Ayurrveda Prakasha)
'अशुद्धो दरदः कुर्यादान्ध्यं क्षण्यं क्लमं भ्रमम् ।
मोहं मेहं च संशोध्यस्तस्माद् वैद्यैस्तु हिङ्गुलः'
Toxic effect of Improperly processed Hingula ,if administered , it can develop symptoms like . blindness, tiredness, debility,stupor, loss of consiusness and even diabetes. hence one has to do the shodhana of hingula .
The cinnabar poisoning cases are associated with overdose, long-term uses, and improper processing such as heating, decocting, fumigating, or in combination with other drugs .
For example, heating cinnabar resulted in mercury vapor release, and acute inhalation of mercury fumes can be fatal. Grinding cinnabar using aluminum utensils or in combination of iodide- and bromide-containing drugs could increase mercury toxicity.
The long-term use of cinnabar-containing traditional medicines could result in renal dysfunction due to accumulation of mercury in the kidney. Blurred vision due to accumulation of mercury in brain is possible, gastrointestinal symptoms also often occur following long-term administration.
Antidote of cinnabar poisoning
Dimercaprol and succimer are effective
chelation therapies for general mercury intoxication including cinnabar
Marana
Marana is not done for hingula, shodhita hingula can be used in therapeutic purposes.
Satwapatana
दरदः पातना यंत्री पातीतश्च जलशाये
तत सत्वं सूतसंकाशं जायते नात्र संशयः
र.र.स. ३ / १४४
Hingula is subjected to Patana using adhapatana yantra ,
and satwa (mercury ) will be collected in water filled in the lower pot.
Heating cinnabar results in release of mercury
vapor, which in turn can produce toxicity similar to inhalation of these
vapors. The doses of cinnabar required to produce neurotoxicity are 1000 times
higher than methyl mercury. Following long-term use of cinnabar, renal
dysfunction may occur.
Properties of Hingula
According to rasaratna samuchaya
हिंगुल सर्व दोषघ्नी दीपनो अति रसायन
सर्व रोगहरो वृष्यो जारणायातिशस्यते
एतस्मादाहता सूतो जीर्ण गन्धा समो गुणै
र.र.स. ३ / १४०-१४१
Pharmacological studies of cinnabar
suggest sedative and hypnotic effects, but the therapeutic basis of cinnabar is
still not clear. In summary, cinnabar is chemically inert with a relatively low
toxic potential when taken orally. In risk assessment, cinnabar is less toxic
than many other forms of mercury, but the rationale for its inclusion in
traditional Chinese medicines remains to be fully justified.
According to rajnighantu
अस्य गुणाः । मधुरत्वम् ।
तिक्तत्वम् । उष्णत्वम् । वातकफत्रिदोषद्वन्द्वदोष-
ज्वरनाशित्वञ्च । इति राजनिर्घण्टः
Rasa - Tikta
,Katu,Kashaya
Guna - Ushna
Virya - Ushna
Karma - Dipana,Rasayana,vrishya,balya,Vajikara,
Putrajanana,Sukhayukara,Agivardhaka,
Ruchya,Divya,Netramayaghna
Effect on
dosha – Tridoshaghna,Kaphapittahara
Pharmacological activities of
Cinnabar (research articles)
Sedative effect
Back ground of the study – in Chinese medicines ,
Cinnabar as as such and Cinnabar containing formulations are being used in
indications like anxiety sleeplessness etc.The
sedative effect of cinnabar has been verified in animal
experiments, which proved the sedative effect of this drugs in experimental
mices.
Anxiolytic Mechanisms –
Wang et al. confirmed the anxiolytic effect of cinnabar
on anxiety-like behaviors in mice using the elevated plus maze test; this
neuropharmacological effect may have been similar to the sedative and soothing
effects of cinnabar. +ve results suggest that cinnabar exerts anxiolytic effects
when administered chronically at effective doses and is associated with reduced
brain serotonin (5-HT) levels
.
Antioxidative Stress and Brain Injury
Protection Mechanisms.
Oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal death and
underlies neurodegenerative diseases. +us, antioxidants can play important
roles in treating several neurodegenerative diseases.
One study confirmed that cinnabar can reduce the
disappearance of antioxidant enzymes and the overproduction of ROS through
regulation of the 5-HT metabolism pathway. In-ViVo Study was conducted on zebrafish.
Yogas
1.
Hinguleshwara Rasa
2.
Tribhuvanakirthirasa
3.
Vettumaran Gulika
4.
Anandabhairava Rasa
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